Multi-scale integrated assessment of soybean biodiesel in Brazil

Developing counties are often believed to have excellent conditions for biofuel production, however studies aimed at assessing the sustainability of large scale biofuel programs have generally focused on a few variables related to one scientific domain and one scale. Contrary to this approach, this paper analyzes soybean biodiesel in Brazil using a parallel biophysical and economic assessment at different scales. A Multi-Scale Integrated Analysis of Societal and Ecosystem Metabolism (MuSIASEM) approach is applied as a scenario analysis tool. A soybean biodiesel energy balance for the specific conditions of Brazil is included and the energy ratio turns out to be 1.09. This means that the energy delivered is higher than the energy invested, however the net energy is very low. The economic impacts are analyzed through input-output analysis. The results show that soybean biodiesel increases energy consumption per hour of work without a corresponding increase in economic labor productivity. Consequently the already low energy efficiency of Brazilian production could get worse. Although Brazil has large expanses of land, the substitution of 20% fossil diesel (i.e. just 3.3% of the country's primary energy consumption) with fully renewable biodiesel might destroy protected areas and forests and increase the GHGs emitted.     

食品中脂质提取方法研究进展

对20世纪80年代以来食品中脂质提取测定方法及应用进行了评述,重点介绍了氯仿甲醇法及其改进方法。     

不同饮食结构对幼年大鼠脂代谢机理的实验研究

20只离乳SD性雄性大鼠随机分为两组,分别对其采用不同干预方式,8周后对两组大鼠进行血脂及相关糖、脂代谢酶指标的检测。实验结果显示,高脂喂养大鼠的体重、体脂含量、胰岛素及血胆固醇(TC)、甘油三脂(TG)、TG/HDL水平均比对照组明显升高,高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(HDL-C)下降,同时肝脂酶和葡萄糖激酶活性也显著高于对照组,而脂蛋白脂酶活性却明显低于对照组大鼠,且有显著性差异(P<0.05)。研究结果说明高脂饮食条件下,糖、脂代谢酶活性的改变,可能会对脂代谢产生影响,进而引起脂质代谢紊乱,导致肥胖。     

系统性健康教育对2型糖尿病糖代谢的干预作用

目的:探讨健康教育对2型糖尿病患者血糖代谢的干预作用及临床意义。方法:对2型糖尿病患者进行12周的健康教育培训,检测并比较空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2小时血糖(2hPBG)、糖化血红蛋白等糖代谢指标。结果:实施系统健康教育的患者12周后各项糖代谢指标均有显著性改善。结论:对2型糖尿病患者进行系统健康教育干预,对于改善其糖代谢水平具有积极意义。     

Towards an integrated model of socioeconomic biodiversity drivers, pressures and impacts. A feasibility study based on three European long-term socio-ecological research platforms

Effective policies to slow the rate of anthropogenic biodiversity loss should reduce socioeconomic pressures on biodiversity, either directly or by modifying their underlying socioeconomic driving forces. The design of such policies is currently hampered by the limited understanding of socioeconomic drivers of and pressures on biodiversity as well as by lacking data, indicators and models. In order to improve understanding of these issues we here propose a conceptual model of socioeconomic biodiversity drivers and pressures. The model is based on the drivers-pressures-impacts-states-responses (DPSIR) scheme and on the socioeconomic metabolism approach. The aim of the model is to guide research aimed at improving our understanding of socioeconomic biodiversity pressures and drivers and to serve as a basis for the development of formal, quantitative models in that field. Based on three European long-term socio-ecological research (LTSER) platforms, we analyze the model's applicability and suitability as well as data availability and research needs. These platforms are the Danube Delta Wetland System in Romania, the Doñana in Spain and the Eisenwurzen in Austria. An empirical analysis of the relationship between the human appropriation of net primary production (HANPP) and breeding bird richness in the Eisenwurzen demonstrates the ability of HANPP to provide a link between socioeconomic pressures/drivers and biodiversity. The analysis of the case studies underlines the potential utility of the conceptual model to guide future research into socioeconomic biodiversity drivers and pressures. However, considerable investments in monitoring and reconstruction of past trajectories as well as in model development will be required before mathematical (computer) models of the interrelation processes between society and ecosystems can be successfully deployed.     

Growth in global materials use, GDP and population during the 20th century

The growing industrial metabolism is a major driver of global environmental change. We present an assessment of the global use of materials since the beginning of the 20th century based on the conceptual and methodological principles of material flow accounting (MFA). On the grounds of published statistical data, data compilations and estimation procedures for material flows not covered by international statistical sources, we compiled a quantitative estimate of annual global extraction of biomass, fossil energy carriers, metal ores, industrial minerals and construction minerals for the period 1900 to 2005. This period covers important phases of global industrialisation and economic growth. The paper analyses the observed changes in the overall size and composition of global material flows in relation to the global economy, population growth and primary energy consumption. We show that during the last century, global materials use increased 8-fold. Humanity currently uses almost 60 billion tons (Gt) of materials per year. In particular, the period after WWII was characterized by rapid physical growth, driven by both population and economic growth. Within this period there was a shift from the dominance of renewable biomass towards mineral materials. Materials use increased at a slower pace than the global economy, but faster than world population. As a consequence, material intensity (i.e. the amount of materials required per unit of GDP) declined, while materials use per capita doubled from 4.6 to 10.3 t/cap/yr. The main material groups show different trajectories. While biomass use hardly keeps up with population growth, the mineral fractions grow at a rapid pace. We show that increases in material productivity are mostly due to the slow growth of biomass use, while they are much less pronounced for the mineral fractions. So far there is no evidence that growth of global materials use is slowing down or might eventually decline and our results indicate that an increase in material productivity is a general feature of economic development.     

More than energy transformations: a historical transition from organic to industrialized farm systems in a Mediterranean village (Les Oluges,Catalonia, 1860–1959–1999)

The analysis of energy efficiency of agroecosystems from a sociometabolic perspective is a useful way to assess the sustainability of farm systems. In this paper we examine the transition of a Mediterranean agroecosystem from an organic farm system in the mid nineteenth century to an industrialized one at the end of the twentieth century by means of the technologies and ideology of the Green Revolution. Given that many of the world’s agricultural systems have experienced, or are currently experiencing this transformation, our results are relevant for building more sustainable agricultural systems in future. Our results highlight the relevance of livestock density, and the flows of biomass reused and unharvested biomass as key elements affecting the sustainability of the agroecosystem not only from a socioeconomic perspective, but also from an agroecological point of view. Additionally, from a biocultural perspective our investigation sustains the relevance of the study of traditional farm systems for the development of a sustainable agriculture.     

基于物质流分析的京津冀区域物质代谢研究

本文研究运用物质流分析方法,以京津冀地区作为研究对象,构建区域物质代谢分析指标,实证分析了京津冀地区2005～2012年间的物质代谢规模、强度、效率。结果表明：（1）京津冀物质代谢规模呈上升趋势,河北省物质代谢规模明显大于北京和天津;（2）河北和天津物质代谢强度呈上升趋势,北京市物质代谢强度呈下降趋势,且整体上低于河北和天津;（3）京津冀物质生产力2012年相比2005年分别提高了114.63%、74.8%和14.28%,环境效率分别提高了17548%、86.65%、7.21%。研究结果可为京津冀协同发展提供科学依据和指导,也为该区域可持续发展研究奠定了基础。     

Spatial Practices and the Institutionalization of Water Sanitation Services in Southern Metropolises: The case of Jakarta and its Kampung Kojan

This article examines the spatial practices and forms of institutionalization in the water and water sanitation sector in Jakarta, capital of Indonesia, and especially in Kampung Kojan in the Kalideres subdistrict of Jakarta. To this end, it develops a three‐layered analytical framework viewing the city as a multi‐scalar socio‐ecological system in which different forms of human–water relations and their institutionalization are found. Particular attention is given to informality in this system and how it interacts with ‘regular’ state and corporate market sector practices. Within these interactive dynamics, informality is not only understood as a survival strategy but also as a creative practice connecting various social‐ecological opportunities, traditional and contemporary technologies and modes of institutionalization to each other. Ongoing institutionalization processes in the formal and informal economy, as well as between them, are analysed. Opportunities to integrate and regularize the diverse water sanitation services into community‐led closed water–wastewater cycles capable of ensuring public health and sustaining a bio‐hydrological balance at the local level are explored.     

矿产资源开发的物质流分析

在界定矿产资源开发物质代谢含义的基础上,从复杂性、可控性、连续性、差异性等方面分析了矿产资源开发物质代谢的特征.认为开展矿产资源开发的物质流分析可以为矿产资源开发环境压力分析提供依据、为矿业循环经济的发展提供支持.从矿产资源开发物质流分析原则出发,提出了矿产资源开发物质流分析的方法、构建了矿产资源开发物质流分析的账户体系及指标体系.